There’s been a lot of talk lately about R1234yf refrigerant. The new blend has been phasing in since 2014, but starting with the 2022 model year, nearly every car sold with air conditioning will use it in their systems.
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Still, there are millions of cars out there using the refrigerant R134a, introduced in 1994.
When a compressor fails the question for most technicians is whether to flush the condenser or replace it. The answer depends on the type of condenser it is. For tube and fin condensers or serpentine condenser the choice is not difficult, the internal tube diameter is wide enough to be able to flush material through it to ensure the inside is clean and free of contaminants.
Starting in the early 2000s, the most popular type of condenser for vehicles that use R134a has been the parallel flow condenser, because it’s more efficient condenser design for this type of refrigerant. Parallel flow condensers don’t have a large hollow tube that the refrigerant flows through, but a series of very small tubes close together in a row with the internal diameter about the size of a pin head. This helps to improve the surface area of the condenser and increase its cooling capacity.
Its multi-channel construction allows the refrigerant to make multiple passes through the condenser, which provides maximum heat transfer. Also, the smaller tubes and wide surface area allow the maximum amount of refrigerant to encounter air flowing through the condenser fins. Unfortunately, the characteristics that make the parallel-flow condenser so efficient are among its major drawbacks as well.
The tubes that efficiently transfer heat are so small that they trap any contamination in the system that tries to pass through them. What that means for your customers is that flushing the A/C systems won’t remove the contamination from the condenser. These particles will create a restriction in the condenser and make the high-side pressures go up, forcing the compressor to work harder and possibly fail. It’s also possible that the contamination in the condenser can work itself free and end up at the compressor, where it also will cause a failure.
On vehicles fitted with parallel flow condensers, usually around 1994 with the introduction of R134a, the choice is not as easy. The parallel flow condenser is a highly effective heat exchanger that divides the unit into sections or “passes” which creates a more efficient process for the refrigerant to change state from gas to liquid.
This is done by making the refrigerant change direction by 180° at the end on the side rails by placing a plug inside the rail at intervals, forcing the refrigerant change directions. The more plugs, the more times the refrigerant changes direction. In most condensers the refrigerant makes three to four “passes” through the condenser.
Parallel flow condensers don’t have a large hollow tube that the refrigerant flows through, but a series of very small tubes close together in a row with the internal diameter about the size of a pin head. This helps to improve the surface area of the condenser and increase its cooling capacity.
When a compressor fails, it introduces contaminants into the system. One of the easiest ways to spot this is to remove the orifice tube that usually reveals metal deposits or sludge from a faulty compressor. The metal and sludge get deposited throughout the system and will collect at places in the system with restrictions, like the orifice tube and, on later model vehicles, the parallel flow condensers.
While flushing the system can help to remove debris from part of the system, items with small openings, like the parallel flow condenser are going to collect the debris. Flushing them will only push the contaminants further into the condenser and will collect at the plugs in the side rails, reducing the amount of rows available to cool the refrigerant and slowing the flow of the refrigerant, this leads to high head pressures. Combine that with a high efficiency compressor, like a scroll and not only will the replacement compressor fail, but it may do so catastrophically.
When confronted with a compressor failure on a vehicle fitted with a parallel flow condenser, experts recommend that the technician replace the accumulator, orifice tube or expansion device and condenser. It is also recommended that all other components be flushed to ensure they are free of contaminants that could harm the new compressor.
Here’s the bottom line: If your customer’s A/C system has a parallel-flow condenser, and there’s a situation where you need to flush the system, it’s strongly recommended that you replace the condenser. That’s because a parallel-flow condenser cannot be flushed, replaced. Since flushing the system is always recommended when replacing a failed compressor, if your customer needs a new compressor, odds are they’ll need a new condenser too.
Be aware, sometimes the problem isn’t what it appears to be.
In this example of the necessity of careful diagnostic procedures, the owner of a 2008 Nissan complained of cooling issues.
The power steering pressure switch communicates with the engine control unit (ECU) to regulate the vehicle’s power steering system. When the power steering pressure switch detects excess load, the ECU makes adjustments to the power steering system to reduce stress on the motor.
In this case, what appeared to be an air conditioning issue on a 2008 Nissan Altima 3.5L, ended up being a direct result of excess stress on the power steering system after a wheel and tire upgrade. When the factory wheels were replaced with a larger style, the diameter of the new wheels increased the load going “side to side”. Because this vehicle is designed with a shared serpentine belt for the A/C system and power steering pump, the A/C system appeared to be malfunctioning because the ECU was directed to reduce stress at the power steering pump. The solution to this problem was simply to replace the power steering pressure switch.
Special thanks to GPD LLC.
